Oil spill identification Waterborne petroleum and petroleum products PD CEN/TR 15522-1:2006

Where an oil pollution incident has occurred, samples should be collected from both the spill and, wherever possible, the potential source of the pollutant, e.g. ship, shore tank, pipeline or road vehicle, in order to assist in the identification or confirmation of the source of the spill. The aim of this document is to give guidance on the best current practice for taking such samples. This document does not contain details relating to all types of spill situation, but should only be regarded as general guidelines. However, by following these guidelines it should be possible to collect and provide legally valid samples that can be used in the process of identifying or confirming the source of the spill. The issues addressed only cover the mechanics of sample collection. The command and control that may be put in place during incident response, the authorities who may request sample collection and the individuals who have the authority to collect samples, will vary from country to country and as a consequence these issues are not addressed

The Environmental Impact of Shrimp Aquaculture and the Coastal Pollution in Mexico

The moderated, but continual development of the shrimp aquaculture in Mexico, in conjunction with municipal and agriculture effluents, in the last decade has created the first symptoms of negative environmental impacts, due mainly to the discharge of nutrients and organic matter into adjacent coastal waters. Similarly, the increasing impairment of coastal water quality resulting from the discharge of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes into coastal waters has affected the aquaculture profitability in certain areas. The cumulative impact of the main anthropogenic sources of nutrients in the Mexican coastal states was estimated in 190 088 ton N yr-1 and 51 831 ton P yr -1. The input from shrimp aquaculture is only 1.5% and 0.9% of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. This last input, though small, is related to local and adverse effects on coastal ecosystems. The introduction of management measures to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of shrimp aquaculture development has now become necessary and urgent

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X-FEM analyses of a thin-walled composite shell structure with a delamination

The extended finite element method is applied to stress analyses of composite laminates modeled by shell elements. In the proposed method, a thin-walled structure containing an interface is modeled by shell elements, and the nodes on the interface are enriched in order to model the delamination. The X-FEM code for thin-walled structures based on the proposed method is developed and is applied to buckling analyses of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic laminate with delaminations. The proposed X-FEM for shell elements was shown to provide appropriate results, which agree well with those obtained by the X-FEM for solid elements and conventional FEM analyses.

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